Essential PUFA in Physiology and Metabolism of Fish and Human: Functions, Needs, Sources

Abstract

The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 family (ω3 or n-3), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), are recognized as molecules of high physiological values for animals of different taxonomic groups, including humans. N-3 PUFAs provide the normal functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, immunity and metabolism in general, and their use is preventive. The medicinal properties of these PUFAs are ambiguous and are being actively discussed in the literature. The main source of EPA and DHA for human is fish. The content of n-3 PUFAs in fish depends on a number of factors and, as a result, varies widely. The needs of the different fish species in the PUFAs are not the same. Some species efficiently synthesize EPA and DHA from their precursors, while others obtain these FAs only with food. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs play important roles in the metabolism of all fishes. The catch of wild fish has reached its limit, but it does not satisfy the needs of mankind in n-3 PUFAs. To reduce the deficiency of EPA + DHA in human nutrition, there are several ways: aquaculture, biotechnology of microorganisms (single cell oils) and genetic engineering.