Advances in the use of molecular tools in ecological and biodiversity assessment of aquatic ecosystems
DOI:
10.23818/limn.39.27Author:
Maria, João Feio
Ana, Filipa Filipe
Aina, Garcia-Raventós
Alba, Ardura
Ana, Raquel Calapez
Ana, Maria Pujante
Andreia, Mortágua
Cesc, Múrria
Daniel, Diaz-de-Quijano
Filipa, Ms Martins
Sofia, Duarte
Marta, Sáinz Bariáin
Rita, Cordeiro
Sinziana F. Rivera
Leif O. S. Väisänen
Amélia, Fonseca
Vítor, Gonçalves
Eva, Garcia-Vazquez
David, Vieites Rodríguez
Elena A. Ivanova
Filipe O. Costa
José, Barquín
Verónica, Rojo
Joaquín, Vierna
Maria, Fais
Marcos, Suarez
Marko, Nieminen
Monica, Hammers-Wirtz
Olesia V. Kolmakova
Maria Y. Trusova
Pedro, Beja
Raquel, González
Serge, Planes
Salomé, Fp Almeida
Corporate Contributor:
Институт фундаментальной биологии и биотехнологии
Кафедра водных и наземных экосистем
Date:
2020-01Journal Name:
LimneticaJournal Quartile in Scopus:
Q3Journal Quartile in Web of Science:
Q3Bibliographic Citation:
Maria, João Feio. Advances in the use of molecular tools in ecological and biodiversity assessment of aquatic ecosystems [Текст] / João Feio Maria, Filipa Filipe Ana, Garcia-Raventós Aina, Ardura Alba, Raquel Calapez Ana, Maria Pujante Ana, Mortágua Andreia, Múrria Cesc, Diaz-de-Quijano Daniel, Ms Martins Filipa, Duarte Sofia, Sáinz Bariáin Marta, Cordeiro Rita, Sinziana F. Rivera, Leif O. S. Väisänen, Fonseca Amélia, Gonçalves Vítor, Garcia-Vazquez Eva, Vieites Rodríguez David, Elena A. Ivanova, Filipe O. Costa, Barquín José, Rojo Verónica, Vierna Joaquín, Fais Maria, Suarez Marcos, Nieminen Marko, Hammers-Wirtz Monica, Olesia V. Kolmakova, Maria Y. Trusova, Beja Pedro, González Raquel, Planes Serge, Fp Almeida Salomé // Limnetica. — 2020. — Т. 39 (№ 1). — С. 419-440Abstract:
Conservation and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems is a priority in environmental programs worldwide. However,
these aims are highly dependent on the efficiency, accuracy and cost of existent methods for the detection of keystone species
and monitoring of biological communities. Rapid advances in eDNA, barcoding and metabarcoding promoted by
high-throughput sequencing technologies are generating millions of sequences in a fast way, with a promising cost reduction,
and overcoming some difficulties of the traditional taxonomic approaches. This paper provides an updated broad perspective
of the current developments in this dynamic field presented in the special session (SS) “The use of molecular tools in ecological
and biodiversity assessment of aquatic ecosystems” of the XIX Congress of the Iberian Association of Limnology (AIL2018),
held in Coimbra, Portugal.
Developments presented are mainly focused on the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain, including Atlantic Macaronesian
islands) but include studies in France, Germany, Finland, Russia (Siberia) and South America. The networks within which
these researchers are involved are yet even broader, profiting from existing molecular facilities, and traditional taxonomic
expertise, which can be viewed as a characteristic of this new research area. It was evident in the SS that the use of molecular
tools is widespread, being used to study a diversity of aquatic systems, from rivers’ headwaters to estuaries and coastal lagoons,
and volcanic, mountain and frozen lakes to hot springs. The organisms targeted are likewise varied and include fish, macroinvertebrates,
meiofauna, microalgae such as diatoms and dinoflagellates, other protists, fungi, and bacteria (cyanobacteria and
other). Some studies address the whole biodiversity (i.e., all species present independently of the taxonomic group) from
environmental samples of water, biofilms and preservative solution from field samples (e.g., ethanol from macroinvertebrate
samples). Great advances were acknowledged in the special session, namely in the use of metabarcoding for detecting hidden
biodiversity, juvenile stages, low-abundance species, non-indigenous species and toxicity potential, and ultimately for ecological
monitoring of diatoms and invertebrates. Yet, several drawbacks were highlighted and need further work, which include:
taxonomic gaps in the reference databases (including gaps at species level and on intraspecific variability) or absence of public
databases (e.g. for meiofauna), still high sequencing costs, the need of a substantial bioinformatics effort, difficulties in
establishing the amount of environmental sample necessary for a good DNA extraction and the need for testing different
genetic markers to obtain accurate results.
A conservação e gestão sustentável dos ecossistemas aquáticos é uma prioridade nos programas ambientais em todo o mundo.
No entanto, esses objetivos são altamente dependentes da eficiência, precisão e custo dos métodos existentes para detectar
espécies e monitorizar comunidades biológicas. Avanços recentes no que respeita ao ADN ambiental e ‘barcoding’ e ‘metabarcoding’,
promovidos por tecnologias de sequenciação designadas ‘high-throughput sequencing’, têm gerado milhões de
sequências de forma rápida, com uma promissora redução de custos num futuro próximo, e superando algumas dificuldades
das abordagens taxonómicas tradicionais. Este artigo vem fornecer uma perspetiva atualizada e abrangente dos desenvolvimentos
neste campo que foram apresentados na sessão especial (SE) “O uso de ferramentas moleculares na avaliação ecológica
e da biodiversidade dos ecossistemas aquáticos”, no XIX Congresso da Associação Ibérica de Limnologia (AIL2018)
realizado em Coimbra, Portugal.
Os desenvolvimentos apresentados centram-se principalmente na Península Ibérica (Portugal e Espanha, incluindo as ilhas
atlânticas), mas também em França, Alemanha, Finlândia e Rússia (Sibéria). No entanto, as redes em que estes investigadores
estão envolvidos são ainda mais amplas, aproveitando as infraestruturas moleculares e o conhecimento taxonómico existentes.
Ficou claro na SE que o uso de ferramentas moleculares está disseminado, sendo usado numa diversidade de sistemas aquáticos,
desde as cabeceiras dos rios aos estuários e lagoas costeiras, e desde lagos vulcânicos, de montanha e congelados, a fontes termais. Os organismos estudados são também variados e incluem peixes, macroinvertebrados, meiofauna, microalgas tal como
diatomáceas e dinoflagelados, outros protistas, fungos e bactérias (cianobactérias e outros). Alguns estudos abordam toda a
biodiversidade a partir de amostras ambientais de água, biofilmes e solução conservante. Grandes avanços foram reconhecidos
na sessão especial, nomeadamente no uso de ‘metabarcoding’ para a deteção de biodiversidade críptica, estádios juvenis,
espécies de reduzida abundância, espécies não nativas, do potencial de toxicidade e, finalmente, para a monitorização ecológica
de diatomáceas e invertebrados. No entanto, dificuldades também foram assinaladas, que necessitarão de mais investimento
futuro, e que incluem: lacunas taxonómicas das bibliotecas de referência (incluindo ao nível da espécie e da intra-variabilidade
de espécies), ausência de bibliotecas públicas (por exemplo, para meiofauna), altos custos de sequenciação, a necessidade de
um esforço substancial de bioinformática, dificuldades em estabelecer a quantidade de amostra ambiental necessária para uma
boa extração de DNA e a necessidade de testar diferentes marcadores genéticos para obter resultados precisos.
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